Changes That The Cold War Have Brought - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2659 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Beginning after World War II in 1947 and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, The Cold War was a war over true freedom and power. While the Soviet Union spread their communist ideas around, the United Sates fought on the side of capitalism. Give Me Liberty states Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the hearts and minds of people throughout the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Changes That The Cold War Have Brought" essay for you Create order The Cold War was a major defining moment for the world but mostly the United States. Following the war, America became the superpower it intended to be. Yes, the United States did win the Cold War because the war and its link to freedom changed the way America looked at freedom. This redefinition of freedom caused a rise in the fight for human rights, the civil rights movement and new revolutions that reshaped America to be what it is today. The Cold War did not end in a fair fight but in the ending of the Soviet Union due to their financial inabilities. The United States was and still are against communism and ultimately the war was one of communism vs capitalism. America became a superpower over the other countries in the world, but the war woke up something in the American Society. During the Cold War, America was split between communists and capitalists. This split put emphasis on the freedom of speech and freedom of idea. During the 1950s, freedom became an inescapable theme of academic research, popular journalism, mass culture, and official pronouncements. (Foner). Both parties in the war claimed to be fighting for freedom and social justices. President Truman created the Truman Doctrine, persuaded democrats and republicans to support his policy, making it known that the United States was the leader of the free-world, and as the leader it is its job to support freedom-loving people. He believed communists were a threat to that. The Anticommunists Crusade began in America showing its divide. Anticommunist movies like The Red Menace and I Married a Communist were made, and movie writers were urged to eliminate the bad parts of American history to persuade America and other countries against communism. Capitalists questioning of Americans loyalty only made Americans speak out more. What do men know of loyalty who make a mockery of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights? (Commager). With the Anticommunist Crusade happening, people were being threatened with losing their jobs and sent to prison for promoting communism or being believed to be spies through. President Truman launched a loyalty review system, requiring government employees to prove their patriotism. More people lost their jobs than those sent to prison, but most felt this was an act against the founding fathers. The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) also managed to send what became to be called the Hollywood Ten and 200 others to jail for promoting communism in movies. The aftermath of World War II and the Four Freedoms raised the issue of human rights. Individuals were for the first time, being held accountable for violating human, many being Nazi officials. Violators were placed on trial and even sentenced to prison; some execution. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt and her committee, was approved by the Un General Assembly. This doctrine was written to speak out for the rights that everyone deserved. These rights included freedom of speech, religious toleration, protection against arbitrary government, adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stated All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and right. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some may have felt this doctrine was an empty rhetoric but its principle that how a natio n treats its own citizens should be subject to outside evaluation became the bases of freedom. Blacks and other minorities were speaking out against the inequalities of man prior to the Civil War, but the increased talk of freedom and the rise in the fight for human rights during and after the war birthed a new voice. Prior to the approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the NAACP spoke out and filed a petition to the United Nations seeking an investigation into the racism within the United States, a clear violation of human rights. The United Nations did not follow through, but this petition was only the beginning. For decades blacks were the last to benefit from any of the progressive changes in America; if they benefitted at all. From slavery to segregation, blacks faced many facial discriminations. Blacks were given lower wage employment than unskilled workers, subpar access to education, and forced to live in packed ghettos that lacked many necessities for survival. Yet despite the apparent extra effort being made by the poorest districts, they are unable ev en to begin to make the richest districts in terms of the production of revenue. (Marshall). The Golden Age began after the ending of World War II and marked a time of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment rates, and a rise in the standard of living. Even southern living progressed from its years of being behind the North. With the Golden Age came higher incomes that brought the ability to afford better living which in turn began the creation of suburban neighborhoods, neighborhoods blacks were not allowed in. Suburbs like the Levittown Suburbs created by William and Alfred Levitt, refused to allow non-whites entry. Urban renewal programs that tore down poor neighborhoods to build retail centers, white-only middle-class housing and universities, displaced tons of residents. While the whites in those areas moved to the suburbs or into white-only housing complexes, blacks were forced to move to other already crowded ghettos or create new ones. Employment discrimination and exclusion from educational opportunities left blacks and other non-whites in unskilled jobs , unable to advance to a better standard of living. Following the end of World War II and throughout the Cold War, there was a civil rights upsurge. The NAACP and civil rights coalitions involving labor, religious groups and back organizations fought for big changes for the black communities all over the country, especially the South. Twenty percent of blacks in the South were registered to vote by 1952. There was also reported to be no lynchings that took place that year in the entire United States. In 1947, the Brooklyn Dodgers challenged the long-standing exclusion of blacks in major league baseball by adding Jackie Robison, who would decades later become a hall of famer, to their team. The success of Jackie Robinson lead to other teams adding black players and the soon demise of the Negro League. That same year, President Truman appointed a Commission on Civil Rights to issue To Secure These Rights, a publishing of the racial inequalities in America. This publishing called out the federal government and demanded they assume the responsibility of ending segregation and ensuring equal treatment in housing, employment, education and the criminal justice system. President Truman also made a great change for blacks when, in July of 1948, he issued an executive order to desegregate the United States Military, making it the largest institution in America to promote racial integration actively. Prominent black leaders like W.E.B Du Bois spoke out against the Civil War but many others and organizations like the NAACP felt that it was in the best interest of blacks to go along and speak out against communism. With the Truman administration actively behind civil rights, blacks were seeing a time of hope and prosperity but laws banning discrimination remained unenforced towards the end of Trumans presidency. The 1952 elections showed blacks how quickly their issues could become nonexistent when the democrats nominated a candidate who could c are less about civil rights. But this was not the end. The rise of what became known as the affluent society, changed American life with new opportunities for whites living in the expanding suburbs. Blacks were again left out, living in declining rural areas of the South and urban ghettos of the North. This prosperity for whites and the continued discrimination for blacks would become the inspiration for the civil rights movement that in turn redefined American freedom. Extreme acts of segregation in America birthed a voice in blacks like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks and iconic moments in history like the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, that has changed the history of blacks all over and is continuing to change. With segregated public buildings, water fountains and buses, the urban ghettos they were forced to live in, low wages, and subpar schools and educations their children were receiving, blacks were becoming more and more agitated with the land of the free. The NAACP stood behind cases like Brown v. Board of Education, where black parents challenged the unfair school policies. The separate but equal doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, has no place in the field of public education. (Brown v. Board of Education). Cases like this one paved the way for the desegregation of schools in America and are the reason why every child can receive the same education as any other child today. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman in Montgomery, Alabama, one of the most racist cities in America, made history when she refused to give up her seat after a long day of work, to a white person. During these times, it was the law for blacks to enter the bus via the back door, sit in the back and give their seats to white riders if there were none left. On this day, Rosa Parks started a 381-day movement. For those 381 days, blacks refused to use public transportation, facing loads of harassment and violence. In November of 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional, ending the boycott and the segregation of buses. Blacks in the South began to stand up and speak out against segregation more and more. Nonviolent protests following the lead of leaders like Dr. King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, began to pop up all over, demanding change. Young activists in Raleigh, North Carolina formed the Student Nonviolent Coord inating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. Black and even some white college students started sit-ins in segregated dinners and in 1961, the Freedom Rides was launched, and integrated groups of college students traveled through the deep south forming sit-ins, protesting the segregation. They were harassed by angry mobs with no police protection. The civil rights movement brought a strength and the young and old who were tired and ready for a change. On August 28, 1963, weeks before the Birmingham church bombing that killed innocent black girls, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. lead the March on Washington and gave his famous I have a Dream speech. Because of these brave induvial, those who followed them and the organizing of protests, the lives of blacks and other minorities drastically changed for the better. The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, prohibiting discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools and privately-owned public places like restaurants, hotels and theaters. Dr. King launched a voting ri ghts campaign in 1965 that lead to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 24th Amendment which outlawed poll tax and gave blacks a fair chance at voting. The ending of World War II and the starting of the Cold War also woke up a voice in white Americans all over. Not only were whites facing losing their jobs and even Hollywood fame for even being accused of being disloyal, they were becoming fed up with the government and the way everyone was being treated. The 1950s birthed a new form of thinking for whites in America. A group of thinkers started the task of making changes to conservatism and reclaiming the idea of freedom from liberals. They strongly opposed the idea of a strong national government. We as young conservatives, believe: That foremost among the transcendent values the individuals use of his God-given free will whence derives his right to be free from the restrictions of arbitrary force; (The Sharon Statement, Young Americans for Freedom). Freedom to them, meant individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. Insisting that toleration of difference was not offering any substitute in the search of ab solute truth, believed the Free World needed to arm itself morally and intellectually. Writers and socialist started speaking out in their work, concerned with what America really viewed as freedom. An insert by Life magazine suggested that American freedom could be in more danger from the nonuse of it than the threat of communism. The 1950s saw of time where white youth were known as rebels without a cause. All around white teens were forming gangs and wearing leather jackets, dancing to rock n roll and sexual music. People like the poet group, the Beats rejected the materialism of the suburbs and celebrated impulsive action, pleasure through drugs and sexual experimentation. This was only the beginning. By the 1960s, young white Americans were standing up against the government and many were standing with blacks during the civil rights movement. Many did not understand the rise of protesting white college students that began to appear. This sparked what came to be called, the New Left. The New Left was inspired by the civil rights movement, especially the sit-ins. Young whites felt it was their duty to stand up for what was right and fight for true freedom in the world. They mostly stood up against poverty and the war. Books like The Other America and The Death and Life of Great American Cities showed the sid e of America they didnt glorify and criticized urban renewal and the destruction of neighborhoods to build highways. Groups like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed in the 60s as a voice for the people. Although feminism seemed to disappear after the baby boom, women once again arose and spoke out. The reawakening of the feminist movement began with the publication of Betty Friedans 1963 The Feminine Mystique. Her book emphasized that women are more than being wives and mothers and the world needed to get with the program. Women started waking up again and fighting for their rights. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed, ending sex discrimination between men and women who work the same jobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prohibited discrimination based on sex. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed in 1966, demanding equal opportunities for women in all walks of life. Young women were starting to embrace the civil rights movement and ideologies of organizations like the SDS and SNCC. By 1967, conscious groups were being formed by women all over that focused on their dissatisfaction with the state of women in America. By appealing to conscience and standing on the m oral nature of human existence, nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities. (Committee). Protests like the one at the 1968 Miss America beauty pageant, gave a new voice for what has come to be known as new feminism. The Cold War may have been a war of capitalism vs. communism, but it also brought about a change in the world that we see today. America saw a major change that would only continue to make it a superpower. Although it ended because of the financial inabilities of the Soviet Union, the United States still won the Cold War because it faced a change that birthed a new meaning to freedom. This new meaning of freedom sparked a voice in Americans that changed human rights, created the civil rights movement, and woke up a voice in young white men and women that soon changed the meaning of equality for all. Human rights played a prominent role in world affairs after the Cold War and continues to play such role today.

Revelations Of The Fictional Characters Of Ralph Ellison...

Drew Wiseman Mrs. McElroy AP English 12 September 3, 2012 Revelations of the Protagonist In Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main character goes through a spiritual realization just as Meursault does in Albert Camus’ The Stranger. In the Invisible Man, Dr. Bledsoe leads the protagonist astray to the fabled Harlem of New York City. Once the narrator arrives in Harlem, it becomes apparent that he was sent to Harlem as a punishment and has been permanently expelled from black college. The narrator finds himself struggling to understand the role he must play in society as a black man. As the novel progresses, the brotherhood the narrator joined, who on the surface seemed to battle for the equality of races, is in fact a symbol for racism. The narrator’s naà ¯ve understanding of social classes handicaps him during the time he spends in Harlem. His inability to understand himself hinders his decisions and judgment. This novel is Ellison’s satire of how easy it is to become â€Å"invisible† in places with social boundaries and racism. The narrator comes to the realization that whites will view him only how they know how to view blacks, as different or inferior. Ellison is also stating how societal expectations can have the same effect as racism. Where as a certain person who struggles to find an inward sense of self, simply acts stereotypically. These boundaries limit the narrator’s individuality and cause him to question himself. However, in Camus’ The Stranger Meursault’s struggle isShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man11097 Words   |  45 Pageshave to visit a madhouse to find disordered minds; our planet is the mental institution of the universe. Despite the hyperbolic nature of Goethe s statement, it holds some truth. Because of this element of truth, society looks to psychoanalysis as an important tool for understanding human nature. Furthermore, psychoanalytic criticism of authors, characters, and readers has a place in literary criticism that is as important as the place of psychoanalysis in so ciety. This is because of the mimetic nature

Corporate Governance for Managers

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance for Managers. Answer: Introduction The Anglo-American model of corporate governance is shareholder oriented. In this model, there is a bias towards the shareholders of the company over the other stakeholders. Though, there is a justification for this bias, as in most cases such other stakeholders have recourses to protect their interests, for instance through contractual agreements, but in cases of shareholders, they remain unprotected as the activities and management decisions are unpredicted (Emerging Markets ESG, 2005). This model has been mostly adopted by the corporate governance systems in the US and the UK, and countries of Asia and Europe have mostly been inclined towards the stakeholder-oriented model (Singh, 2016). But with time, a trend of global convergence has emerged. In the following parts, the shareholder orientation of the Anglo-American model of corporate governance, for global application has been assessed. Further, some recommendations are also provided for the OECD regarding the best policies which can be adopted for the promotion of global convergence of the corporate governance practices. Shareholder Orientation for Global Application In the present world of globalization, there is diversity in the political, legal, social and cultural systems across the nations. And it is a known fact that the countries are interdependent on each other. This is the reason why the Anglo-American model of corporate governance is gaining popularity (Singh, 2016). This model brings unity to the political, legal, social and cultural system of the world and provides a solution to the disparity of systems. In the era of the mid 90s, the discussion began on the matter that the corporate governance code were moving towards the adoption of this model, due to its peculiar characteristics of the shareholder value norms, the one tier boards, and the low ownership concentration (Singh, 2016). Even with the presence of stark level of differences in the corporate governance codes across the globe, the convergence was emerging, and the reasons given for this were globalization, advent of significant foreign investors, and the liberalization of the markets. The mechanism, as well as, the framework of the corporation governance is varied from country to country, and even from company to company (Singh, 2016). The objectives of the company, along with the political, social, legal, and economic situation of the country influence the mechanisms of governance of such companies. Due to the shareholder orientation of the Anglo-American model, more and more countries are adopting it. One of the reasons for the adoption of this method by different countries is because this method helps in solving some of the persisting problems. This model helps in monitoring by the market for regulation, as well as, for corporate control. Moreover, it also forces the managers to follow the interests of the shareholders. And since the civil laws of such nations are reliant upon the interests of the employees, creditors and shareholders, this model helps in a compliance of such norms (Palmer, 2011). Moreover, scholars believe that this model not only benefits the countries, but the companies as well. Due to the increase in globalization, there is diversity in the social, legal, political and cultural systems across the glove. This model provides uniformity in these systems and helps in increasing the competing ability of the companies across the globe. And so, a convergence in the global market would result in the increased interdependence of the financial markets across the globe (Singh, 2016). The proponents of convergence also believe that the Anglo-American model is the most efficient and preferred one, due to its orientation towards the shareholders. But there are people who oppose this model, as it leaves out the other stakeholders (Lee, 2009). And due to this, this model is still not adopted all over the world. Some opponents argue that such a convergence is not favorable due to the dependency it creates, of the nations over each other. The other point highlighted by the opponents of this model is the successful example of Germany and Japan, who have adopted corporate governance systems which are not shareholder-oriented (Clarke, 2016). Also, there is the example of the unsuccessful implementation of this model in India, where the model was converged on a formal level, but was never effectively implemented. So, the uniformity was never achieved in India (Afsharipour, 2009). Hence, the convergence can be limited and the transmission from one system to another, which is a highly complex one, and which requires institutional, political and social changes, can be difficult; and this is another limitation of the convergence of the Anglo-American model. It is crucial to note here that the failure of this model in India was due to the failure of implementation, and not of the model itself. Also, the German, as well as, Japanese governance systems are facing pressure to deliver the shareholder value, especially related to the overseas investment institutions, and are facing demands for an increase in transparency, as well as, disclosures from both the investors, and regulators (Clarke, 2016). This issue is not a problem in the Anglo-American model and hence, even after its criticism, is the best model for convergence. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is quite clear that the shareholder orientation of the Anglo American model has made it famous across the globe, and more and more countries are looking at adoption of this model in their governance systems. Even the criticism and opposing points provided by its challengers prove meek. This model helps in uniting the diversity of the globally present systems and benefits the countries and the corporations, by being shareholder oriented. Recommendations It is recommended to the OCED that in order to promote, as well as, to advance the global convergence of the corporate governance practices, it should: Develop such valuation standards which are of high quality, and are internationally accepted. Such standards should be developed by an independent standard-setting board. Conducting peer reviews to promote the convergence in the competitive regimes. The adoption, as well as, the implementation of supporting activities. An active engagement of the member professional bodies, which are responsible for valuation, so as to promote the ethical standards, along with consistent competency. A member bodies compliance program (International Federation of Accountants, 2012). Apart from these, OCED should also work on improving the international competition ecosystem, so that the international trade agenda can be reinforced, and uniformity could be established. This can be done by raising the multi-dimensional awareness, by enhancing the coordination of the competition policy and its collaboration at the global level, and by working towards a regional or bilateral dispute resolution, and appeal mechanism. Lastly, OCED should harness its technical capabilities, along with its networking abilities, so as to develop and strengthen these recommendations, as well as, the best practices in this area (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2016). Part 2 Executive Summary Venture capital is one of the ways, in which a new business or a business looking for growth attains funding. Such funds come from the venture capital firms, who are specialists in building the high risk financial portfolios. SMEs or the small and medium sized enterprises are such businesses, where the number of employees is less than a certain limit. As is in the case of any other company, to grow, an SME needs funds. And investments, especially in form of equity capital, are the best way to attain such funds. Introduction In the emerging markets, a marked increase has been seen in the number of companies, which are using the public equity markets for the very first time, by using the IPO or the Initial Public Offering. These growth companies have the capability to break away from the stagnant state of being a small or medium-sized enterprise. Nearly half of the equity capital, which has been raised across the world, by using the IPOs, since the 2008, has come from the emerging markets (OECD, 2015). Though, attaining such investments is not an easy task. The investors have to be sure about the company they invest in and this is where corporate governance plays a crucial role (OECD, 2015). In the following parts, the transition of the corporate governance practices of a SME to a company, which is ready for the IPO, has been discussed. Also, some recommendations have been made for the management committee of the venture capital fund, regarding the best corporate governance practices which should be introduced in all the entrepreneurial growth SME companies, where the venture capital fund is willing to invest. Transition of Corporate Governance Practices The large public companies are usually associated with the issues related to corporate governance. This is because the stakeholders interests are widespread in such companies, and they have different expectation, as well as objectives which have to be considered by the companies board of directors. But in the case of SMEs, the corporate governance practices are minimal or non-existent (Dzigba, 2015). This is mostly due to the lack of separation in the ownership and control of the SMEs, which is present in the case of large companies. But when it comes to a growing SME, which is in need of funds, and is interested in an IPO, it has to attract investments. Such investments are mostly brought by the venture capital funds. And an investor would invest in the company only if it follows a proper governance practice (OECD, 2015). And so the corporate governance issues for such an SME changes from that of a family business based SME. Such an SME would adopt the best practices of the corporate governance, especially the ones which are adopted by the larger public companies, during their phase of growth. The best governance practices, which can be utilized by such an SME, involve an adoption of the OCED issued Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD, 2015). Some of the other governance practices, which could help an SME in attracting more investors, have been summarized in the table below: Attributes of Governance Best Practices examples Transparency and Disclosure The information must be prepared, as well as, disclosed as per the high quality standards of financial and non financial disclosures, and accounting. The external auditors have to be accountable to the shareholders. They also owe a duty to exercise duel care to the company, while conducting the audit. The annual audit should be conducted by qualified, independent, as well as, competent auditor, as per the international standards on auditing (IFC Corporate Governance, 2016). An equal, cost efficient and timely access to the relevant information should be provided by the channels responsible for disseminating information. Ensuring high standards of governance and transparency in the listing process, by regularly monitoring and enforcement. Communication of the governance strategies in a clear and transparent manner to the potential investors, and regulators, both before and after the IPO. The risk management policy of the company should be disclosed to satisfy the investors regarding the clarity of the company in dealing with any risk (Hay Group Limited, 2015). Shareholder Rights Charter, by-laws, as well as governance codes of the company should provide a clear protection to the minority shareholders. Such code of conduct of the company should also set out clearly the process to report or deal with a non compliance, along with policies which attract shareholders attention, for instance the whistleblower policy (McInnes Cooper, 2016). Shared agenda, along with proper notice of the shareholders meeting should be provided. There should be a clarity regarding the rights of different classes of shares, for instance, the clarity regarding the class having the voting rights or economic rights. The ability of participating, as well as, voting at shareholders meeting in a meaningful manner. An equitable treatment should be given in the changes of control, for instance, the tag-along rights. A fair treatment is necessary for disclosure of information, for instance, the conflict of interest, material shareholder agreements (IFC Corporate Governance, 2016). Board of Directors The board should be composed of a proper mix of professional skills. For instance, one director can be an expert in marketing strategies, and two of the directors can have expertise in the international financial markets or expertise in audit committee requirements (Sandler and Hall, 2014). The independence component of the board has to be strong. The accountability of the board, along with the senior management as to be fixed (Yu and Rudge, 2014). The roles of CEO and the chairman should be separate. Peer review of the directors, along with periodic evaluation. Meetings should be held regularly, and agenda of such meetings should be properly circulated. Proper committees of board should be established to manage the key areas. For instance the audit committee, the nomination committee, or the remuneration committee. The board has the responsibility for risk, and so the nature and extent of any significant risk sound be dealt by formulating a sound internal control system and risk management policy (London Stock Exchange, 2012). The independence of such committees of the board also has to be ensured. Directors should be constantly educated and the new directors should also be educated, regarding the company. Having transparent, as well as, properly articulated succession plans for the major board positions. The role, responsibilities of all the board members, along with the committee members has to be chalked out in clear terms (EY, 2016). Conclusion As highlighted above, an SME does not generally follow the corporate governance norms when they are in their initial stages. But, when such an SME has to attract investors for IPO, it has to make the transition from nearly no corporate governance practices, to the adoption of best corporate governance practices. This is because an organization which complies with best practices of governance, builds a positive image in the minds of the potential investors, which includes a venture capital fund. Recommendations On the basis of above conclusion, it is recommended to the venture fund that it should introduce the tabulated practices in all of its growing SME companies, in which it is looking to invest. This would ensure that the company works in a transparent and accountable manner, and the investment would reap benefits. References Afsharipour, A. (2009) Corporate Governance Convergence: Lessons from the Indian Experience. Northwestern Journal of International Law Business, 29(3), pp. 335-402. Clarke, T. (2016) The continuing diversity of corporate governance: Theories of convergence and variety. Ephemera: Theory Politics In Organization, 16(1), pp. 19-52. Dzigba, D. (2015) Corporate Governance Practice among Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana; Impact on Access to Credit. [Online] Diva. Available from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:829172/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Emerging Markets ESG. (2005) Three Models of Corporate Governance from Developed Capital Markets. [Online] Emerging Markets ESG. Available from: https://www.emergingmarketsesg.net/esg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Three-Models-of-Corporate-Governance-January-2009.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] (2016) IPO corporate governance: Then and now. [Online] EY. Available from: https://www.ey.com/gl/en/issues/governance-and-reporting/ey-ipo-corporate-governance-then-and-now [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Hay Group Limited. (2015) 2015 Corporate Governance Best Practices Report. [Online] Hay Group Limited. Available from: https://www.haygroup.com/downloads/ca/2015%20Corporate%20Governance%20Best%20Practices%20Report.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] IFC Corporate Governance. (2016) Getting Ready for an IPO. [Online] SME Toolkit. Available from: https://www.smetoolkit.org/smetoolkit/en/content/en/6755/Getting-Ready-for-an-IPO [Accessed on: 02/11/16] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. (2016) Competition Policy and Trade in the Global Economy: Towards an Integrated Approach. [Online] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/E15/WEF_Competitition_Policy_Trade_Global_Economy_Towards_Integrated_Approach_report_2015_1401.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] International Federation of Accountants. (2012) Global Regulatory Convergence and the Accountancy Profession. [Online] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/PPP6-Global-Regulatory-Convergence_0.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Lee, S.H. (2009) Global Convergence of Corporate Governance and Its Limits. The Asian Business lawyer, 3(67), pp. 67-91. London Stock Exchange. (2012) Corporate Governance. [Online] PwC. Available from: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/corporate-reporting/assets/pwc-london-stock-exchange-corporate-governance-guide-pdf.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Mallin, C.A. (2011) Handbook on International Corporate Governance: Country Analyses. 2nd ed. MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. McInnes Cooper. (2016) The Top 5 Corporate Governance Best Practices That Benefit Every Company. [Online] Hay Group Limited. Available from: https://www.mcinnescooper.com/publications/legal-update-the-top-5-corporate-governance-best-practices-that-benefit-every-company/ [Accessed on: 02/11/16] OECD. (2015) Growth Companies, Access to Capital Markets and Corporate Governance. [Online] OECD. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/framework-strong-sustainable-balanced-growth/OECD-Growth-Companies-Access-to-Capital-Markets-and-Corporate-Governance.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Palmer, C. (2011) Has The Worldwide Convergence On The Anglo-American Style Shareholder Model Of Corporate Law Yet Been. Opticon1826, 11. Available from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/opticon1826/currentissue/articles/Palmer_Issue11_Opticon1826.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Sandler, R.J., and Hall, J.A. (2014) Corporate Governance Practices in IPOs. [Online] Davis Polk Wardwell LLP. Available from: https://www.davispolk.com/sites/default/files/sandler.hall_.%20Corp.Gov_.Advisor.article.aug14.PDF [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Singh, P. (2016) Convergence or Divergence in Codes of Corporate Governance: A Cross Border Analysis. [Online] Racolb Legal. Available from: https://racolblegal.com/convergence-or-divergence-in-codes-of-corporate-governance-a-cross-border-analysis/#_ftnref13 [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Yu, B., and Rudge, L. (2014) Hong Kong Corporate Governance: Hong Kong Corporate Governance: a practical guide a practical guide. [Online] White Page Ltd. Available from: https://www.hkcg2014.com/pdf/hong-kong-corporate-governance-a-practical-guide.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16]

Louis Armstrong What A Wonderful World Essay Example

Louis Armstrong: What A Wonderful World Paper Jazz music emerged in the united States around the turn of the century before arriving in Europe in 1917. It was during this year that America declared war on Germany and among the troops sent across the Atlantic were several thousand black soldiers. Many of these soldiers took with them experimental jazz ideas which spread across Europe resulting in a cross-pollination of jazz, folk and various other styles of European music (Perry, 1996). During the early twentieth Century white Americans became fascinated with plantation songs and black sub-culture and began to create bowdlerized versions of their own. It was the first time that black music had entered into mainstream American popular culture and would be the foundations on which jazz music would be built (Perry, 1996). It was not just a style of music but a cultural movement which gave the 1 asss the name the roaring twenties. Americas home of African culture was mostly in the southern states such as Georgia, Mississippi and Louisiana. New Orleans, Louisiana was the home of Louis Armstrong and it was a melting pot of race, culture, music and histories. Louis Armstrong, commonly known as Catches or Pops, and the city of New We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Armstrong: What A Wonderful World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Armstrong: What A Wonderful World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Armstrong: What A Wonderful World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Orleans had a unique relationship and their impact on American popular culture is almost incalculable. He was born on August 4th 1901 and grew up in a small house in the area around Liberty and Period streets which was a run-down prostitution district (Brothers, 2007). Louis contributions to music span over more than five decades from before the 1 asss to the late sasss. Throughout his career he played the cornet and later introduced his singing voice which was a vessel that carried his messages just as clearly as the cornet did. His music helped to break down the racial barriers in America at he time and bring people both young and old, black and white together. The birth of jazz is often accredited to African Americans however, the true development of jazz came from a meshing of their ideals with white middle class society (Boundless, 2014). New York and Chicago were the new central hubs of this post-traditional jazz which stemmed from New Orleans. Jazz was responsible for many cultural and technological advances such as commercial radio stations. This went hand in hand with rebellious youth movements in fashion, music and radio concerts. Jazz encouraged them to rebel against their previous generations ultra. Americans and African Americans danced side by side in clubs for the first time (Boundless, 2014). It was the interaction between jazz and middle class Americans which brought it into mainstream music much to the dissatisfaction of the elite upper class. One of the many appealing sides to Louis work was his sympathy for lower class society and how he engaged with popular culture. In his 1931 song titled Just a Gigolo he sings about the dirge of a prostitute who confronts mortality; Paid for every dance, selling each romance, Every night some heart betraying. The lyrics dont sound as lugubrious as they look in writing because he expresses his natural affinity and sympathy for night people, predicated on the harsh circumstances of his upbringing (Appeal, 2002). Louis gave definition and purpose to jazz, particularly in the areas of swing and big band through the use of his groundbreaking improvised solos. He brought about a shift in music from melodic, collective, tightly arranged playing to that of a solo player rising above the rest (Browser, 2009). By the late sasss he was one of Americas most significant artists. In his later career he was described as a pioneer of modernism along with writers like James Joyce and artists such as Henry Matisse. Throughout Armstrongs career there were many social and political developments. At the end Of the first world war, women began to have more opportunities in their social lives and especially in the entertainment industry. The emergence of women such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday paved the way for future female artists, drawing attention to themselves not only because of their sex but because they were black (Boundless 2014). Louis was ever much of a political speaker but in 1957 he spoke out against president Eisenhower and the governor of Arkansas over their position on the attempted desegregation of a major Southern high school being carried out by nine black students. His words shook the nation and media and in one bold stroke he had pulled almost 15 million African Americans to his bosom (Marginalia 2007). The 1 968 release of What A Wonderful World served as an antidote to the current struggles of poverty, race and war. During this year America was under threat of a Nuclear attack while their war in Vietnam was at its peak. Martin Luther King Jar. And Senator Robert Kennedy were both assassinated. Hundreds of cities across America were subjected to curfews as race riots broke out in places such as Newark and Detroit. Many feared a second civil war was about to emerge. Many of the attacks were aimed at Jewish shops. Louis was very open-minded when it Came to religion. He was baptized as a catholic however he always wore a star of David on his shoulder. This dates back to his childhood when a local Jewish family in New Orleans regularly gave him food and lent him the money to buy his first cornet (BBC, 201 1). The writers of Wonderful World Bob Thiele and George Weiss, both who were Jewish, understood that Armstrong appeal transcended race and by having him sing this song he would bestow virtues of good will upon the populous. However, not everyone was convinced. Initial sales were not very successful due to the current political climate in America and some of its peoples hatred towards Armstrong after his remarks towards the president. I believe that the passion and sincerity of Armstrong voice was what eventually brought it into popularity.